How to reformat a personal computer

Steps to reformat a personal computer

1. Start your PC and press key F2, F12 or delete key (depends on your pc model)
2. Your PC will boot form CD and windows installation will start.
3. Accept license agreement by pressing F8 key
4. Delete the Partitions
5. Create the Partitions 
6. Define the Size of Partitions 
7. Now select your desired partition for installation of windows XP and press enter
8. Choose to format the partition. Choose NTFS Site system quick
9. Setup will format the partition
10. After formatting, setup will start copying files on the hard disk
11. After copying of files, setup will start installing Widows
12. Select desired language and regional settings, when promoted by setup
13. Enter Windows key
14. Type a name for your computer
15. Select time and date settings for time zone according to your country 
16. Provide network settings for networking pc's or select typical settings and press enter
17. Setup will install devices and register components
18. After completion setup will do cleanup of files and restart your pc automatically. At this stage you can remove CD from drive.

• Disk Partitioning- is the creation of one or more regions on a hard disk or other secondary storage, so that an operating system can manage information in each region separately.

• Partitioning- is typically the first step of preparing a newly manufactured disk, before any files or directories have been created 

Remember:

                       1KB = Thousand bytes = 1024 bytes

                       1MB = Million bytes = 1024 KB

                       1GB = Billion bytes = 1024 MB

                       1TB =Trillion bytes = 1024 GB

Examples: Original size/capacity = 40995 MB

P1 - 50% = 40995 x .50 = 20498
P2 - 25% = 40995 x .25 = 10249
P3 - 75% = 40995 x .75 = 30746

P1 - 25GB = 25 x 1024 = 25600

P2 - 41% = 40995 x 41 = 16808

How to share file and printer in a computer network?

PRELIMINARY STEPS 

1. Create an IP Address
2. Configure the IP Address
3. Set Windows firewall settings
4. Set up a home or small office network

Sharing File on a Network (SERVER)

1. Place the file inside the folder
2. Right click the folder
3. Click Properties 
4. Click Sharing
5. Click Share this printer
6. Click Apply
7. Click OK

Connecting Printer on a Network (CLIENT)

1. Click Run
2. Then type [IP ADDRESS OF SERVER]
3. Double click Printers and Faxes
4. Right click Printer
5. Click connect

Just because you have more than one computer doesn't mean you have to have a printer for each computer. We will now show you how to share a printer between several computers on a network in Windows 7.
Before sharing your printer, you have to set up File and printer sharing. Here's how to set up File and printer sharing:

1. Click on Start in the bottom left corner of your screen. A popup list will appear.
2. Select Control Panel from the popup list. Type the word network in the search box.
3. Click on Network and Sharing Center.
4. Click on Change advanced shared settings, in the left panel.
5. Click on the down arrow, which will expand the network profile.
6. Select File and printer sharing and choose Turn on file and printer sharing.
7. Click on Save changes.

You're now ready to share your printer.

1. Click on Start in the bottom left corner of your screen. A popup list will appear.
2. Click on Devices and Printers, from the popup list.
3. Right click the printer you want to share. A dropdown list will appear.
4. Select Printer properties from the dropdown list.
5. Click on the Sharing tab
6. Select the Share this printer check box.
7. Click Apply.
8. Click OK.

In order for other people to connect to the printer, they just have to add the network printer that you just opened for sharing to their computers. Here's how to do this.

1. Click on Start in the bottom left corner of your screen. A popup list will appear.
2. Click on Devices and Printers from the popup list.
3. Select Add a printer.
4. Click on Add a network, wireless or Bluetooth printer.
5. Click the shared printer.
6. Click Next. Continue according to the instructions on the scre

What is network or IP Address?

What is a Network Address?

• This is commonly known as IP address
  

What is an IP Address?

• It is a numeric address of a computer connected to the network.

IP Versions:

1. IPv4 - IP version 4 - The standard version
2. IPv6 - IP version 6 - The advanced version

Example:

• An IPv4 address (dotted decimal notation)

             172          •         16          •           254          •         1                     ⬇️                ⬇️                  ⬇️               ⬇️        10101100     •     00010000   •     11111110      •   00000001❕ One byte = Eight bits

• Binary Digits

128    64    32    16    8    4    2    1

Classes of IP Address

Class A - 1 to 126
Class B - 128 to 191
Class C - 192 to 223
Class D - 224 to 239
Class E - 240 to 255
NOTE❗ 127 - Loop back function of a network
              Class D - is for multicast
              Class E - reserved for future or experimental purposes

Creating an IP Address

1. Right click My Network Places
2. Click Properties
3. Right click Local Area Connection
4. Click Properties
5. Click TCP/IP
6. Click Properties

                      o Obtain an IP Address
                      o Use the following IP Address
                7. Click OK

                                     IP Configuration

1. Click Start Button
2. Click Run
3. Type cmd
4. Type ipconfig
5. Type ping (IPaddress)
6. Click OK

WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF NETWORK TOPOLOGY?

NETWORK TOPOLOGIES

Linear Bus Topology

Linear Bus Topology is a type of network topology in which each device is connected one after the other in a sequential chain (shown right). In this case, the bus is the network connection between the devices, and if any link in the network chain is severed, all network transmission is halted.

Star Topology

A star topology is a topology for a Local Area Network (LAN) in which all nodes are individually connected to a central connection point, like a hub or a switch. A star takes more cable than e.g. a bus, but the benefit is that if a cable fails, only one node will be brought down.

Ring Topology

A ring topology network is a network topology in which each node connects to exactly two other nodes, forming a single continuous pathway for signals through each node - a ring. Data travels from node to node, with each node along the way handling every packet.

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Mesh Topology

Mesh Topology is a type of networking where all nodes cooperate to distribute data amongst each other.

Hybrid Topology

A hybrid topology is a type of network topology that uses two or more different network topologies. These topologies include a mix of bus topology, mesh topology, ring topology, star topology, and tree topology.

WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF CABLE?

A. Twisted Pair is the ordinary copper wire that connects home and many business computers to the telephone company.

a. STP - The extra covering in shielded twisted pair wiring protects the transmission line from electromagnetic interference leaking into or out of the cable.

b. UTP - Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cables are widely used in the computer and telecommunications industry as Ethernet cables and telephone wires.

B. Coaxial is a type of electric cable that has an inner conductor surrounded y a tubular insulting layer, surrounded by a tubular conducting shield.

C. Fiber Optic is consisting of or using thin flexible fibers with a glass core through which light signals can be sent with very little loss of strength.

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Difference Between Straight Through and Crossover Cable

Straight through and crossover cables are wired differently from each other. One easy way to tell what you have is to look at the order of the colored wires inside the RJ45 connector. If the order of the wires is the same on both ends, then you have a straight through cable. If not, then it's most likely a crossover cable or was wired wrong. At present, the straight through cable is much more popular than crossover cable and is widely used by people. 

TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORK

What are the types of Computer Network?

A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network for interconnecting devices centered on an individual person's workspace. A PAN provides data transmission amongst devices such as computers, smartphones, tablets and personal digital assisstants. PANs can be used for communication amongst the personal devices themselves, or for connecting to a higher level network and the internet, where one master device takes up the role as gateway. A PAN may be carried over wired computer buses such as USB.

A local-area network (LAN) is a computer network that spans a relatively small area. Most often, a Lan is confined to a single room, building or group of buildings, however, one LAN can be connected to other LANs over any distance via telephone lines and radio waves.

A metropolitan are network (MAN) is a computer network that interconnects users with computer resources in a geographic area or region larger than that covered by even a large local area network (LAN) but smaller than the area covered by a wide are network (WAN).

A wide area network (WAN) is a telecommunications network or computer network that extends over a large geographical distance/place. Wide area networks are often established with leased telecommunication circuits.

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How to be a responsible Netizen?

 Help to reduce noise by not spreading unverified information on social media,espacially those that do nothing but provoke fear in the community. do not engage to cyberbullying and other internet crime,its okay to act cool in social media but not cool enough that might to lead  involved to the crimes.

Before sharing stories in social media, make sure to check the information can be backed up with evidence, Another important response is to check the date to make sure the post is not outdate.Reduce the noise,do not share unverified reports in social media,social media can get.

Be mindful of what you share in a statement the public to refrain from posting on social media information that what would tend to exacerbate the situation. these  reports which is include critical information,photos,and videos of the military's response to the situation.